Verbrennungsanalysatoren der Firma ELTRA leisten seit über 30 Jahren einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Qualitätskontrolle in der Zementindustrie. Der Prozess der Zementherstellung beinhaltet das Abbauen und Zerkleinern der Rohstoffe (Kalkstein, Ton, Sand), deren Trocknung und Vermahlung in der Rohmühle, das Brennen im Drehrohrofen und die abschließende Zementvermahlung. ELTRA Elementaranalysatoren werden in allen Prozessschritten eingesetzt.
A reliable determination of the carbon and sulphur content in cement is an essential part of the quality control process. If the sulphur content is too high, the cement could be destroyed as a result of the chemical reaction of sulphuric acid. The carbon content is usually certified as CO2 and sulphur content is given as SO3. In general, elemental analysers combust the sample and measure the released gases. Inorganic samples with a low carbon and sulphur content such as cement are usually combusted in an induction furnace at temperatures up to 2200°C. Table 1 shows typical results for CO2 and SO3 concentrations in a cement sample and also in wood and coal which are both used as fuels in many cement factories. 
The results were obtained with ELTRA’s CS-i analyzer, with very low standard deviations. The system works reliably and quickly with a typical measurement time of only 60 to 120 seconds. 
Schwefel beeinflusst wesentlich die Alterung des Klinkers, da es durch Säurebildung zur Degeneration kommen kann. Der leistungsfähige Induktionsofen des CS-i oxidiert jegliche Baustoffproben bei mehr als 2000 °C im Sauerstoffstrom. Leistungsfähige Infrarotmesszellen gewährleisten die zuverlässige Bestimmung von Schwefel und optional Kohlenstoff.
Die leistungsfähige Kombination von Induktions- und Widerstandsofen in dem Analysator CS-d ermöglicht insbesondere in der Baustoffindustrie eine ökonomische Kohlenstoff- und Schwefelbestimmung. 
Neben dem Induktionsofen für die Analyse von Baustoffen steht auch ein widerstandsbeheizter Keramikofen mit bis zu 1500 °C zur Verfügung. Dieser erlaubt die Analyse von Brennstoffen wie Kohle, Koks oder auch Ersatzbrennstoffen. 
Der effektive Heizwert von Brennstoffen wird vom Kohlenstoff- und insbesondere vom Wasserstoffgehalt bestimmt. Bei der Verbrennung von Ersatzbrennstoffen entsteht durch den enthaltenen Wasserstoff eine nicht unerhebliche Menge an Wasser, welches aus dem Drehrohrofen verdampft werden muss. Dies reduziert den Heizwert merklich.
Eine effektive Kontrolle der Elemente Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Schwefel ist mit dem widerstandsbeheizten CHS-r möglich. Für einen hohen Probendurchsatz steht der CHS-580A mit Autoloader für 36 oder 130 Positionen zur Verfügung. 
Die konventionelle Bestimmung von thermogravimetrischen Parametern wie Feuchte, Asche oder LOI (Loss On Ignition) mit Muffelöfen und externer Waage ist in der Regel zeit- und personalaufwendig. 
Der TGA Thermostep ist ein programmierbarer Ofen mit integrierter Waage und bestimmt Asche, Feuchte und flüchtige Bestandteile in Brennstoffen sowie den LOI in Zement voll automatisch. 
In Baustoffen ist der an Carbonat gebundene Kohlenstoff (TIC) ein wichtiger Parameter. Dieser kann im CW-800 bei 1000 °C unter Stickstoffatmosphäre innerhalb einer Minute sicher und zuverlässig bestimmt werden.
A constantly growing number of cement plants not only use fossil fuels for the cement clinker burning process but also secondary fuels. Secondary fuels either consist of residues from a wide range of manufacturing and production areas or of residues with a high calorific value which are usually obtained from heterogeneous waste. These secondary fuels must meet all the requirements of primary fuels with regards to product quality and environmental safety. Therefore, they have to be prepared and analyzed in the same way and, in addition, they have to be analyzed for their gross calorific value to ensure a stable and reproducible combustion process.
As secondary fuels are often soft and elastic materials, primary size reduction has to be effected with cutting and shearing forces such as are applied in cutting mills. Here, the same grinding procedure as for hard and brittle material has to be followed: Pre-cutting followed by sample division and fine grinding. Since the secondary fuels usually are very heterogeneous, the sampling process becomes evident for correct analytical results. RETSCH’s heavy-duty cutting mill SM 300 easily handles inhomogeneous sample materials with different breaking properties and is especially safe to operate. It is available with heavy-metal-free grinding tools for neutral-to-analysis sample preparation which makes it ideal for processing secondary fuels. With the three exchangeable cutting rotors and its high powered drive, textile and leather parts, plastic caps and ductile metal cans are cut up just as effectively as abrasive electronic scrap and non-metallic car-shredding parts. As there are limits to this cutting mechanism, i.e. steel and iron parts should be separated by a magnetic separator before the cutting process. The final fineness is mainly determined by replaceable bottom sieves with defined aperture sizes. Depending on the sample material, final particle sizes < 2 mm can be achieved. A cyclone increases the material throughput and helps to dissipate the grinding heat. For the fine grinding down to 200 μm, the Ultra-Centrifugal Mill ZM 200 from RETSCH is the ideal tool. It grinds extremely fast and thanks to the patented cassette system it is very easy to clean which allows for high sample throughput. The sample size again is determined by an exchangeable sieve. Experience shows that aperture size of 0.5 or 1 mm is fully adequate for obtaining analytical fineness. Very elastic material like rubber has to be embrittled with liquid nitrogen before pre cutting and final grinding to avoid melting of the sample.
Due to their different combustion behaviour (compared to inorganic material), secondary fuels cannot be processed in an induction furnace. The most suitable choice is a measurement with a resistance furnace at a temperature of 1,300°C. As cement factories use different types of fuels with different calorific values, it is essential to measure the carbon content as a perfect indicator for the calorific value of a material. Sulphur, on the other hand, is an important parameter for processing the combustion gas desulphurisation. Whereas coal has a rather high sulphur content of up to 5%, it is only around 0.02% for secondary fuels such as wood or biomass. With ELTRA elemental analyzers samples of greatly varying sulphur content can be examined precisely and reliably. 
Quality control is an important aspect of cement production. Sample preparation is an essential part of it, because only a representative and reproducible processing of the sample material ensures reliable and meaningful analysis results. Retsch offers a range of instruments for dividing, crushing, grinding and sizing all materials which are involved in the production process of cement, including secondary fuels. To ensure the right choice of instrument for the right sample material, Retsch offers free-of-charge sample testing in application laboratories all over the world. Elemental analysers based on combustion technology are a useful addition to XRF analysis for the quality control of cement and related products, ensuring fast, precise and reliable determination of carbon and sulphur. With its offering of analyzers using resistance or induction furnaces or both, ELTRA covers a wide range of applications for C and S determination in organic and inorganic samples. The product range is ideally suited to the variety of analytical applications in a cement plant.

 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                    